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The legal system, which originated in England and is now used in the United States, is based on the articulation of legal principles in a historical sequence of court decisions. The principles of the common law may be amended by legislation. A claim for which no specific value has been determined. Prison sentences for two or more offences served simultaneously and not consecutively. Example: Two five-year prison sentences and a three-year prison sentence result in a maximum of five years behind bars if served at the same time. A court order that prevents one or more designated parties from taking action. An injunction is often issued to allow for the establishment of facts so that a judge can determine whether a permanent injunction is warranted. A report prepared by a court probation officer after a person has been convicted of a crime, which summarizes for the court the basic information needed to determine the appropriate sentence. Instructions from a judge to the jury before it begins to deliberate on the factual questions it must answer and the legal rules it must apply. The Sentencing Reform Act 1984 abolished probation in favour of a particular penal system in which sentencing is determined by sentencing guidelines. Now, without the possibility of probation, the prison sentence imposed by the court is the real time that the person spends in prison.

Generally refers to two events in individual bankruptcy cases: (1) the “individual or group information session” of a not-for-profit budget and credit advisory body, in which individual debtors must participate before filing an application under a chapter of the Bankruptcy Act; and (2) the “Personal Finance Management Course” in Chapters 7 and 13, which an individual debtor must complete before a release is registered. There are exceptions to both requirements for certain categories of debtors, urgent circumstances, or if U.S. trustees or receivers have determined that there are not enough licensed credit counselling centres available to provide the necessary advice. A written statement filed as part of a court or appeal process that explains the legal and factual arguments of a page. Similar to a preliminary injunction, it is a short-term order from a judge that prohibits certain actions until a full hearing can take place. Often referred to as TRO. A term used to describe evidence that can be examined by a jury or judge in civil and criminal cases. Action brought by a plaintiff against a defendant on the basis of a claim that the defendant had failed to comply with a legal obligation that caused harm to the plaintiff.

With regard to civil actions in “justice” and not in “law”. In English legal history, courts could order the payment of damages and could not afford any other remedy (see Damages). A separate “justice” court might ask someone to do something or stop doing something (e.g., injunction). In U.S. jurisprudence, federal courts have both legal and just power, but the distinction is still important. For example, a jury trial is usually available in “legal cases,” but not in “equity cases.” 12 2012. 09 2022 A legal proceeding to address the debt problems of individuals and companies; in particular, a case filed under one of the chapters of Title 11 of the United States Code (the Bankruptcy Code). A set of rules and principles established by the United States Sentencing Commission that trial judges use to determine the sentence of a convicted defendant.

A group of 16 to 23 citizens who listen to evidence of criminal charges presented by prosecutors and determine if there is a probable reason to believe that a person has committed a crime. See also Indictment and United States Prosecutor. The chapter of the Bankruptcy Act, which provides for “liquidation”, i.e. the sale of a debtor`s unvaccinated assets and the distribution of the proceeds to creditors. To qualify for Chapter 7, the debtor must meet a “resource test.” The court assesses the debtor`s income and expenses to determine whether the debtor can proceed under Chapter 7. The CMF will provide the Government Agreements Officer (OW) with a summary of the cost analysis that can be considered in the government`s award decision. Non-insolvency proceedings in which an applicant or creditor attempts to make a debtor`s future salary dependent on its claim. In other words, the creditor seeks to have part of the debtor`s future salary paid to the creditor for a debt owed to the creditor. Jury selection process, during which potential jurors are interviewed to determine their qualifications and determine the basis of the challenge. A decision of a jury or trial judge that establishes the guilt or innocence of an accused or determines the final outcome of a civil trial.

A full-time lawyer employed by the federal courts to legally defend defendants who cannot afford a lawyer. The judiciary administers the Federal Defence Lawyers Programme in accordance with the Criminal Justice Act. The bankruptcy Code`s statutory order of precedence for unsecured claims, which determines the order in which unsecured claims are paid if there is not enough money to pay all unsecured claims in full. A court decision in a previous case with facts and legal issues similar to a legal dispute currently being heard by a court. Judges “generally follow precedents,” that is, they apply the principles established in previous cases to rule on new cases that have similar facts and raise similar legal issues. A judge will disregard precedents if a party can prove that the previous case was tried incorrectly or that it differed significantly from the current case in some way. (2012, 12). AO legal-abbreviations.lawjournal.eu Recovered 9. September 2022 by legal-abbreviations.lawjournal.eu/ao-administrative/ government agency empowered to settle disputes. Judges sometimes use the term “court” to refer to themselves in the third person, as in “the court read the pleadings.” A motion by a party who has lost on one or more issues for a higher court to review the decision to determine whether it was correct. Making such a request means “appealing” or “appealing”. The person appealing is called a “complainant”; the other part is the “Appealee”.

Written statements submitted to the court describing a party`s legal or factual allegations about the case. A judicial officer with the power to rule on applications before the courts. Used generically, the term judge can also refer to all judicial officers, including judges of the Supreme Court. It is common in legal documents to cite other publications using standard abbreviations for the title of each source. Abbreviations can also be found for common words or legal phrases. These citations and abbreviations can be found in court decisions, laws, ordinances, journal articles, books, and other documents. Below is a basic list of very common abbreviations. Because publishers use different practices when it comes to printing abbreviations, it may happen that abbreviations with or without a period are given for each letter. For example, the Code of Federal Regulations may appear abbreviated as “C.F.R.” or simply “CFR.” For legal abbreviations that were not found online, look for one of the following printed sources. These publications can be found regularly in legal and other libraries.