The difference described above has direct consequences for the organization of the authorities. In the dualistic model with the legal concept of the so-called delegated sphere of activity, the tasks of some regional authorities (district administrators and mayors) retain their state character; These are earthly tasks. Thus, the bodies of district and urban districts act as “sub-regional administrative authorities” (cf. § 8 Abs. 1 LOG Brandenburg: “The general authorities of the lower Land are district administrators and mayors”). Here they are subject to unlimited professional control by the upper and middle authorities of the state and not only to legal control, as in their “own affairs”. In addition, there are certain requirements of the country to the authorities. National Organizing Laws (LOG) classify their subjects as legal persons (legal persons). Like natural persons, they have basic legal capacity in the sense of a broad legal capacity to act in all areas of law. In the field of public law, there are three basic types: company, institution and foundation. The Federation and the Länder are classified as local authorities, i.e. associations of all persons residing in a defined area.
Legal entities act through their organs (organs), which are legally constituted entities with defined powers. At the highest level of state organization, these are the parliament, the state government as chief executive and the organs of the judiciary. Within the executive, authority is the standard type of body. Britannica English: Translation of lander for Arabic-speaking country. This term includes all soils or soils found, such as meadows, pastures, forests, waters, swamps and heaths. It has an indefinite extent both upwards and downwards; therefore, land legally includes all houses and other buildings standing or built on it; and anything in a direct line between the surface and center of the Earth, such as metal mines and fossils. 1 Inst. 4 a; Wood`s Inst.
120; 2 B1. Comm. 18; 1 cruise on Real Prop. 58. In a narrower sense, the word land is supposed to mean “at least one free dwelling house.” Shep. 92. In that sense, long-term leases cannot therefore be regarded as falling within the concept of `immovable property`. 8 crazy.
Reports 635. The technical meaning of the word earth is explained in more detail by Sheppard in his touch. S. 88, that is: “If anyone confiscates fairy lands and owns other lands for years, all in a parish, and all his lands in that parish (without naming them) are granted in fief simple or for life; By this gift, he will not pass more than the lands he has in fief. It is also said that land in its legal recognition means agricultural land. 11 KB. 55 a. See also Cro.
Car. 293; 2 pp. Wms. 458, n.; 5 ves. 476; 20 wines. From. 203. As indicated above, land generally includes all buildings erected on it; 9 days, r. 374; But there are some exceptions to this general rule. It is true that if a foreigner willingly erects buildings on someone else`s land, they belong to and form part of the owner of the land; 16 R. Mass 449; Nevertheless, there are cases where it has been decided that, in special circumstances, such a construction would be considered personal property.
4 Mass. R. 514; 8 Selection. R. 283, 402; 5 Pick, r. 487; 6 N. H. Rep. 555; 2 Fairf.
R. 371; 1 Dana, r. 591; 1 ridge. 144. Most laws are adopted at federal level, but in all areas of administrative functions, the Länder are clearly the dominant bodies, while the administrative powers of the Federation defined in Articles 87 to 90 of the BA are qualified as exceptions to this rule. The administrative task of the Länder is defined in Article 83 of the Basic Law, which gives them both the right and the duty “to implement federal laws in matters concerning their cause, unless this Basic Law provides or permits otherwise”. In addition, Articles 84 and 85 of the LB distinguish between administrative tasks which are carried out by the Länder as their own affairs (in accordance with the general administrative regulations which require the approval of the Bundesrat and are subject to the supervision of the Federation and which concern only legal norms) and other matters in which “the Länder carry out federal laws as employees of the Federation” (by “following the instructions of the competent supreme federal authorities”). submit” and are subject to federal oversight. also with “adequacy of performance”). The Länder may entrust their executive tasks to their own bodies (authorities).
This is called direct state administration. However, they may also delegate certain tasks to independent legal entities, most of which are municipalities. These bodies of indirect State administration draw up their own budgets and have their own staff. In addition to the professional image of itself, the staff structure of administrations is reflected in the pronounced character of the dominant administrative culture. In a differentiated administration such as public administration, however, there are clearly structured subcultures, for example in the areas of school, police, justice and general services. It is virtually impossible to identify a definable “culture of public administration”. In comparison between the Länder administrations and with the Federal Government, there are hardly any significant differences between the different sectors. The professional image of general administration in the federal and upper-middle class state governments is characterized by a high proportion of civil servants with similar training in some administrative schools (Wiegand-Hoffmeister 2011). As a result, career changes between administrations pose virtually no legal problems. Although the constitutional reform of 2006 distributed more legislative powers in the area of remuneration between the Länder, this is supported by a (still) fairly uniform remuneration structure at national level.
However, the trend here is clearly towards increasing spread, which could prove to be an obstacle to mobility in the future and could therefore also be the cause of increasing isolation (Battis 2009). Salaries already differ by up to 10% in the different wage levels between the federal government and the states, as well as between the states themselves, where there is a north-south divide. The district structure with the district government as the administrative body is found in North Rhine-Westphalia, Bavaria, Baden-Württemberg and Hesse. The population of these districts varies from over 1 million in the most rural areas of Bavaria (Upper Palatinate, Upper Franconia and Lower Bavaria) to 5.3 million in the Rhine/Ruhr agglomeration in North Rhine-Westphalia (Düsseldorf and Cologne). Tasks are defined by the categories “order” (e.g. traffic and air traffic control, civil protection, construction surveillance and food control), “allocation” (e.g. financing programmes for economic policy, urban planning, culture and sport), “permits” (environmental and occupational safety, transport of goods and passengers) and “spatial planning” (Bogumil 2007). In addition, district administrative authorities are generally responsible for the legal and financial control of local authorities. Mention should be made of the subsidiary responsibility of district governments for all tasks of state administration that are not explicitly assigned to other authorities (cf. § 8 Abs.
3 LOG NRW). In view of the new implementation tasks in the short term (e.g. in the field of genetic engineering), this subsidiary role has proved necessary on several occasions. These sample phrases are automatically selected from various online information sources to reflect the current use of the word “lander”. The views expressed in the examples do not represent the views of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us your feedback. A distinction is made between the different municipal traditions of the Länder according to whether these “transferred” tasks (dualist model), insofar as they are legally dogmatic, are comparable to the so-called regulatory administration of Article 85 GG or according to whether a one-tier model is used, according to which municipalities in principle only perform municipal tasks which, in certain cases, Especially in the field of security, are legally called “tasks bound by duty”. are defined and are therefore subject to increased control. In addition to the question of whether the direct administration of the Länder is structured in two or three levels (see below), the senior management level consists of various ministries, such as the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Education and Research, as in the federal administration. Organizationally, they fall into the category of the highest authorities of the State. The appointment of ministers and thus the determination of the number of ministries and technical competences is the responsibility of the Prime Minister of the country concerned to whom this power has been delegated as head of government.
Instead of a Federal Chancellery, it has a State Chancellery (in some Länder, a Ministry of State), which is responsible for the administrative coordination of the other ministries. In city-states, heads of state use the title “mayor” according to urban tradition, and state governments are called “senate.” In terms of work and function, there are many parallels between the ministerial administrations of the Federation and those of the Länder.
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